Volunteer Fire Service Culture: Appendices and References
This page contains the appendices and references for Volunteer Fire Service Culture: Strategies for Success and is meant to serve as a supplement to the e-book version of this guide. To instead view the full PDF version of the guide, click here.
Appendices
Click on the links below to view the appendices.
- Appendix A: Sample Community Risk Reduction Plan
- Appendix B: NVFC Position on Firefighter Medical Assessments
- Appendix C: Sample Health and Cancer Standard Operating Guideline
- Appendix D: Sample Department Not Tobacco Policy
- Appendix E: Sample Drug and Alcohol Policy
- Appendix F: Sample Toxic Exposure Tracking Form
- Appendix G: Sample Diversity and Inclusion Statement
- Appendix H: Sample Firefighter/EMT Position Description
- Additional Resources
Chapter References
Preface
Haynes, H. (2016, February). U.S. volunteer firefighter injuries 2012-2014. Retrieved from National Fire Protection Association web site: http://www.nfpa.org/~/media/files/news-and-research/fire-statistics/fire-service/osvolunteerfirefighterinjuries.pdf?la=en
Haynes, H. J. G., & Molis, J. L. (2016, October). U.S. firefighter injuries – 2015. Retrieved from National Fire Protection Association web site: http://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics-and-reports/fire-statistics/the-fire-service/fatalities-and-injuries/firefighter-injuries-in-the-united-states
LeMasters, G. K., Genaidy, A. M., Succop, P., Deddens, J., Sobeih, T., Barriera-Viruet, H., … & Lockey, J. (2006, November). Cancer risk among firefighters: A meta-analysis of 32 studies. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/joem/pages/default.aspx
U.S. Fire Administration. (2016, October). Firefighter fatalities in the United States in 2015. Retrieved from http://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/ff_fatalities_2015.pdf
Chapter 1
Alkema, A., Murray, N., & McDonald, H. (2013). What motivates people in small rural communities to become volunteer rural firefighters? New Zealand: Heathrose Research Ltd.
Association Management Group. (n.d.). General difference in volunteer leadership. In AMG Advisor. Retrieved from http://www.amg-inc.com
Borman, W. C., Ilgen, D. R., & Klimoski, R. J. (Eds.). (2003). Handbook of psychology, vol. 12: Industrial and organizational psychology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
California State Firefighters’ Association. (2016). Reasons for leaving the department exercise. Recruiting and Retention Workshops.
Carpenter, J., & Knowles Myers, C. (2007). Why volunteer? Evidence on the role of altruism, reputation, and incentives. IZA Discussion Paper Series. IZA Discussion Paper No. 3021.
Cumberland Valley Volunteer Firemen’s Association. (2010). Fire service reputation management White Paper. Retrieved from http://cvvfa.org/download/19/reputation-management/1133/reputation-management-white-paper.pdf
Cummings, T. G. & Worley, C.G. (2015). Organization development and change (10th ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.
Deal, T., & Kennedy, A. (1982). Corporate cultures: The rites and rituals of corporate life. Boston, MA: Adison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Emic and etic. (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emic_and_etic
Energize, Inc. (2015). A-Z Volunteer Management Library. Retrieved from http://www.energizeinc.com/a-z
Finch, J. (2014, June 18). Survey: What motivates people to become repeat volunteers? Retrieved from The Able Altruist: http://able-altruist.softwareadvice.com/what-motivates-people-to-become-repeat-volunteers-0614/
Fox, K. A., Hornick, C. W., & Hardan, E. (2006). IAFF diversity initiative: Achieving and obtaining a diverse fire service work force. Retrieved from International Association of Fire Fighters web site: http://www.iaff.org/HR/Media/IAFF_Diversity_Report.pdf
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Hager, M. A., & Brudney, J. L. (2004, June). Volunteer management practices and retention of volunteers. Retrieved from Urban Institute web site: http://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/58001/411005-Volunteer-Management-Practices-and-Retention-of-Volunteers.PDF
Hall, Jr., J. R. (2014, March). The total cost of fire in the United States. Retrieved from National Fire Protection Association web site: http://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics-and-reports/fire-statistics/fires-in-the-us/overall-fire-problem/total-cost-of-fire
Harrison, R., & Stokes, H. (1992). Diagnosing organizational culture instrument. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer.
Haynes, H. J. G., & Stein, G. P. (2016, January). U.S. fire department profile through 2014. Retrieved from the National Fire Protection Association web site: http://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics-and-reports/fire-statistics/the-fire-service/administration/us-fire-department-profile
Heflin, C. (2008, March 1). Motivating your volunteer department. Retrieved from Fire Engineering web site: http://www.fireengineering.com/articles/print/volume-161/issue-3/departments/volunteers-corner/motivating-your-volunteer-department.html
Kezar, A. J. (2001). Understanding and facilitating organizational change in the 21st century: Recent research and conceptualizations. ACHE-ERIC Higher Education Report, 28(4).
Lee, C.-L. (2014). Adopting the perspective of flow to investigate the effects of participation motivation on volunteer firefighters’ job satisfaction. The Journal of International Management Studies, 9(2), 113-125.
Liddie, K. M. (2010). What motivates people to volunteer: A case study using coastal cleanup day in San Luis Obispo, California (Unpublished senior project). California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA.
Lindenmayer, M. (2013, June 3). 7 traits of amazing volunteers. Retrieved from Forbes web site: http://www.forbes.com/sites/michaellindenmayer/2013/06/03/7-traits-of-amazing-volunteers/#5cf086653f07
Lucas, C., & Kline,T. (2008). Understanding the influence of organizational culture and group dynamics on organizational change and learning. The Learning Organization, 15(3), 277-287.
Malhotra, D. (2010, March). The desire to win: The effects of competitive arousal on motivation and behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 111(2), 139-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.11.005
McKee, J., & McKee, T. W. (2012). The new breed; Understanding and equipping the 21st century volunteer (2nd ed.). Loveland, CO: Group Publishing.
McKee, T. W. (n.d.). Creating a high-commitment volunteer culture. Retrieved from Volunteer Power web site: http://www.volunteerpower.com/articles/HighCommitment.asp
McKee, T. W. (n.d.). How to motivate volunteers. Retrieved from Volunteer Power web site: http://www.volunteerpower.com/articles/motivate.asp
McKee, T. W. (n.d.). One dozen effective ways to motivate your volunteers. Retrieved from Volunteer Power web site: http://www.volunteerpower.com/articles/DozenWays.asp
McKee, T. W. (n.d.). Recruiting and managing the younger volunteers. Retrieved from Volunteer Power web site: http://www.volunteerpower.com/articles/GenX.asp
McKee, T. W. (n.d.). Why people volunteer. Retrieved from Volunteer Power web site: http://www.volunteerpower.com/articles/why.asp
McLennan, J., & Birch, A. (2009). Age and motivations to become an Australian volunteer firefighter. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 27(1), 53-65.
Merrill, M. V. (2001). Ten professional development benefits of volunteering (Everything I learned in life I learned through volunteering). Merrill Associates.
Mind Tools Editorial Team. (n.d.). Deal and Kennedy’s cultural model: Understanding rites and rituals in corporate culture. Retrieved from http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newSTR_86.htm
National Fire Protection Association. (2016). Fourth needs assessment of the U.S. Fire Service. Retrieved from http://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics-and-reports/fire-statistics/the-fire-service/administration/needs-assessment
National Volunteer Fire Council. (2015). Volunteer firefighter recruitment and retention formative research results. Retrieved from http://www.nvfc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/NVFC_Formative-Research_2015_Report_v1f.pdf
National Volunteer Fire Council. (2017). Volunteer fire service fact sheet. Retrieved from http://www.nvfc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/NVFC-Fact-Sheet-2017.pdf
National Volunteer Fire Council & U.S. Fire Administration. (2007, May). Retention and recruitment for the volunteer emergency services: Challenges and solutions (FA-310). Retrieved from http://www.nvfc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2007_retention_and_recruitment_guide.pdf
Organizational culture. (n.d.). Collins English Dictionary Complete and Unabridged (2012 Digital Edition). Retrieved from http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/organizational-culture
Ryan, C. (2014, August 9). Six ways to help achieve work-life-volunteer balance [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.teamrubiconusa.org/six-ways-to-help-achieve-work-life-volunteer-balance/
Scott, R. (2015, April 7). Bridging the generation gap in company volunteering. Retrieved from Forbes web site: http://www.forbes.com/sites/causeintegration/2015/04/07/bridging-the-generation-gap-in-company-volunteering/#72a8370725c0
Siarnicki, R. J., & Gist, R. (2014). Changing the culture of safety in the fire service. In Fire Engineering University. Retrieved from http://www.fireengineering.com/training/feu.html
Stebbins, R. A., & Graham, M. (Eds.). (2004). Volunteering as leisure/Leisure as volunteering: An International Assessment. Cambridge, England: CABI.
Suderman, J. (2012). Using the organizational cultural assessment (OCAI) as a tool for new team development. Journal of Practical Consulting, 4(1), 52-58.
Thompson, A. M., III, & Bono, B. A. (1993). Work without wage: The motivation for volunteer firefighters. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 52(3), 323-343.
Tuckman, B. (1965). Developmental sequence in small groups. Psychological Bulletin, 63(6), 384-399.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2016). Volunteering in the United States, 2015 [News release]. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/news.release/volun.nr0.htm
Virginia Fire Chiefs Association. (2011, September 20). Firefighter survey analysis. Retrieved from http://vfca.us/images/downloads/Workforce_Solutions/survey_report_v4__3_.pdf
Willing, L. (2012, October 10). 3 keys to changing fire service culture. Retrieved from FireRescue1 web site: http://www.firerescue1.com/cod-company-officer-development/articles/1353585-3-Keys-to-changing-fire-service-culture/
Workplace Bullying Institute. (n.d.). The WBI definition of workplace bullying. Retrieved from http://www.workplacebullying.org/individuals/problem/definition
Chapter 2
Gill, A. (2015, June 25). 5 leadership styles: Pros and cons [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.saxonsgroup.com.au/blog/leadership/5-leadership-styles-pros-and-cons/
Goleman, D. (2000, March-April). Leadership that gets results. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2000/03/leadership-that-gets-results
Goleman, D. (2013, December). The focused leader. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2013/12/the-focused-leader
Kerber, S. (2012). Analysis of changing residential fire dynamics and its implications on firefighter operational timeframes. Fire Technology, 48(4), 865-891.
National Volunteer Fire Council. (2015). Volunteer firefighter recruitment and retention formative research results. Retrieved from http://www.nvfc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/NVFC_Formative-Research_2015_Report_v1f.pdf
Weinschenk, C. G., Overholt, K. J., & Madrzykowski, D. (2014, August). Simulation of an attic fire in a wood frame residential structure – Chicago, IL (NIST Technical Note 1838). Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.1838
Chapter 3
Haynes, H. J. G. & Molis, J. L., (2016, October). U.S. firefighter injuries – 2015. Retrieved from National Fire Protection Association web site: http://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics-and-reports/fire-statistics/the-fire-service/fatalities-and-injuries/firefighter-injuries-in-the-united-states
International Fire Safety Training Association. (2010). Understanding and implementing the 16 Firefighter Life Safety Initiatives. Stillwater, OK: Fire Protection Publications.
National Fire Protection Association. (2013). NFPA 1500: Standard for fire department occupational safety and health program. Quincy, MA: Author.
National Volunteer Fire Council. (2014). What to expect: A guide for family members of volunteer firefighters. Retrieved from http://www.nvfc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Family_Guide.pdf
National Volunteer Fire Council & National Fire Protection Association. (2013). Understanding and Implementing Standards: NFPA 1500, 1720, and 1851. Retrieved from http://www.nvfc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Standards_Guide_1500_1720_1851.pdf
U.S. Fire Administration. (1973). America burning: The report of the National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control. Retrieved from http://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/fa-264.pdf
U.S. Fire Administration. (2015, April). National safety culture change initiative (Report FA-342). Retrieved from http://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/fa_342.pdf.
U.S. Fire Administration. (Retrieved 2017, March). Firefighter fatality data [Custom report]. Retrieved from https://apps.usfa.fema.gov/firefighter-fatalities/fatalityData/reportBuilder.
Wakeman, Cy. (2015, October 26). Personal accountability and the pursuit of workplace happiness. Retrieved from Forbes web site: https://www.forbes.com/sites/cywakeman/2015/10/26/personal-accountability-and-the-pursuit-of-workplace-happiness/#41e5d0081ca2
Chapter 4
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U.S. Fire Administration. (n.d.). Fire prevention and public education. Retrieved from http://www.usfa.fema.gov/prevention/
Vision 20/20. (n.d.). Community risk reduction portal. Retrieved from http://strategicfire.org/crr
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Vision 20/20 & SalterMitchell Inc. (2015, March 31). Consumer perspectives on smoke alarms [Presentation slides]. Retrieved from http://strategicfire.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/3-v2020-Zach-Boileau.pdf
Chapter 5
Bordini, E. (2013). Firefighter and first responder alcohol and drug issues part 1. Retrieved from Clinical Psychology Associates of North Central Florida, P.A. web site: http://cpancf.com/articles_files/Firstresponderfirefighteralcoholdrugs1.asp
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008, April 21). Frequency of respirator fit testing [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2008/04/21/respirator/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Current smoking among adults in 2015 (nation). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/adult_data/cig_smoking/index.htm#national
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016, September 1). Adult obesity facts. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html
Fahy, R., LeBlanc, P., & Molis, J. (2015, July/August). 2014 firefighter fatalities in the United States. NFPA Journal. Retrieved from http://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/publications/nfpa-journal/2015/july-august-2015/features/firefighter-fatalities
Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2013, May 23). Impact of an aging population on fire and emergency medical services (Fiscal Year 2013 Report to Congress).
Kerns, M., & Dewhearst, M. (2015, September 23). Firefighter cancer at your department. Retrieved from In Public Safety web site: http://inpublicsafety.com/2015/09/fight-cancer-at-your-fire-department
Lorsch, J., & McTague, E. (2016, April). Culture is not the culprit. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2016/04/culture-is-not-the-culprit
Massachusetts Call/Volunteer Firefighters Association (2015, December 11). The state of call/volunteer firefighter training in Massachusetts and recommendations for improvement. Retrieved from https://www.mcvfa.org/images/docs/training/TrainingSurveyDraftChiefs.pdf
National Fire Protection Association. (2013). NFPA 1500: Standard on fire department occupational safety and health program [sections 7.13.1 and 7.13.2.1]. Retrieved from https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standardslist-of-codes-and-standards?mode=code&code=1500
National Fire Protection Association. (2013). NFPA 1582: Standard on comprehensive occupational medical program for fire departments. Retrieved from https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards?mode=code&code=1582
National Fire Protection Association. (2014). NFPA 1851: Standard on selection, care, and maintenance of protective ensembles for structural fire fighting and proximity fire fighting. Retrieved from http://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=1851
National Fire Protection Association. (2016, November). Fourth needs assessment of the U.S. fire service. Retrieved from http://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics-and-reports/fire-statistics/the-fire-service/administration/needs-assessment
National Volunteer Fire Council. (2012). Suicide in the Fire and Emergency Services: Adopting a Proactive Approach to Behavioral Health Awareness and Suicide Prevention. Retrieved from http://www.nvfc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/ff_suicide_report.pdf
New York State Office of Fire Prevention and Control. (2015, January). Recommended best practices for fire department training programs. Retrieved from http://www.dhses.ny.gov/ofpc/training/documents/training-best-practices.pdf
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (n.d.). Respiratory protection. Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/respiratoryprotection/standards.html
Perry, M. (2003). Population 485: Meeting your neighbors one siren at a time. New York, NY: Perennial.
Rudd, R., Seth, P., David, F., & Scholl, L. (2016, December 16). Increases in drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths – United States, 2010-2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 65(50-51), 1445-1452. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm655051e1.htm
Shaw, G. (2016, April/May). Back from the brink: People with certain neurologic conditions are more likely to commit suicide than the general population. Here’s how friends, family, and caregivers can reduce the risk. Neurology Now, 12(2), 26-31. doi:10.1097/01.NNN.0000482679.65903.96
U.S. Fire Administration. (2012, April). Funding alternatives for emergency medical and fire services (FA-331). Retrieved from http://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/fa_331.pdf
Warburton, D., Nicol, C., & Bredin, S. (2006, March 14). Health benefits of physical activity: The evidence. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 174(6), 801-809. doi:10.1503/cmaj.051351
Willette, K. (2015, September/October). How fast is fast enough? NFPA 1710 and the controversy over response times. NFPA Journal. Retrieved from http://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/publications/nfpa-journal/2015/september-october-2015/columns/first-responder
Chapter 6
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Federal Highway Administration. (2009). Manual on uniform traffic control devices. Retrieved from https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/pdfs/2009r1r2/pdf_index.htm
Firefighter Cancer Support Network. (2013, August). Taking action against cancer in the fire service. Retrieved from https://firefightercancersupport.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Taking-Action-against-Cancer-in-the-Fire-Service.pdf
Haynes, H. J. G., & Molis, J. L. (2016, October). U.S. firefighter injuries – 2015. Retrieved from National Fire Protection Association web site: http://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics-and-reports/fire-statistics/the-fire-service/fatalities-and-injuries/firefighter-injuries-in-the-united-states
International Association of Fire Chiefs & National Volunteer Fire Council. (2015). Let’s make a difference: Best practices to minimize injuries and deaths while using POV for ESO responses. Retrieved from http://www.nvfc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/POV-Best-Practices-to-Minimize-Injuries-and-Deaths.pdf
International Association of Fire Fighters. (2010). Improving apparatus response and roadway operations safety in the career fire service. Retrieved from http://www.iaff.org/hs/evsp/2010%20Participant%20Guide.pdf
National Fire Protection Association. (2013). NFPA 472: Standard for competence of responders to hazardous materials/weapons of mass destruction incidents. Retrieved from http://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=472
National Fire Protection Association. (2013). NFPA 1001: Standard for fire fighter professional qualifications. Retrieved from http://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=1001
National Fire Protection Association. (2013). NFPA 1500: Standard on fire department occupational safety and health program. Retrieved from http://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/document-information-pages?mode=code&code=1500
National Fire Protection Association. (2013). NFPA 1582, Standard on comprehensive occupational medical program for fire departments. Retrieved from http://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=1582
National Fire Protection Association. (2014). NFPA 1851, Standard on selection, care, and maintenance of protective ensembles for structural fire fighting and proximity fire fighting. Retrieved from http://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=1851
National Fire Protection Association. (2016). NFPA 1901: Standard for automotive fire apparatus. Retrieved from http://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=1901
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (n.d.-a). Drive for safety: Seat belts. Retrieved from https://icsw.nhtsa.gov/safercar/driveforsafety/seatbelts.html
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (n.d.-b). Seat belts. Retrieved from https://www.nhtsa.gov/risky-driving/seat-belts
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (n.d.-c). Traffic safety facts: 2008 data. Retrieved from https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/811162
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2017, March). Traffic safety facts – research note: Distracted driving 2015. Retrieved from https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812381
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2017). Study of cancer among U.S. fire fighters. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/firefighters/ffcancerstudy.html
National Volunteer Fire Council & U.S. Fire Administration. (2016). Emergency vehicle safe operations for volunteer and small combination emergency service organizations. Retrieved from https://www.nvfc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/EVSO-Guide-3rd-edition.pdf
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (n.d.). Standard 1910.120: Hazardous waste operations and emergency response. Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9765
Roman, Jesse. (2017, May/June). Facing cancer. NFPA Journal. Retrieved from http://www.nfpa.org/News-and-Research/Publications/NFPA-Journal/2017/May-June-2017/Features/Facing-Cancer
U.S. Fire Administration. (2003). Safe operations of tankers. Retrieved from http://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/fa-248.pdf
U.S. Fire Administration. (2012). Traffic incident management systems. Retrieved from http://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/fa_330.pdf
U.S. Fire Administration.. (2016, October). Firefighter fatalities in the United States in 2015. Retrieved from http://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/ff_fatalities_2015.pdf
U.S. Fire Administration. (Retrieved 2017, March). Firefighter fatality data [Custom report]. Retrieved from https://apps.usfa.fema.gov/firefighter-fatalities/fatalityData/reportBuilder
Chapter 7
Khamhaeng, J. (n.d.). The Wright brothers: Fathers of modern aviation. Retrieved from http://fathersofaviation.weebly.com/primary-sources.html
National Fire Protection Association. (2016, November). Fourth needs assessment of the U.S. fire service. Retrieved from http://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics-and-reports/fire-statistics/the-fire-service/administration/needs-assessment.
National Volunteer Fire Council. (2014, December). SAFER grant recruitment and retention survey.
National Volunteer Fire Council. (2015, March). Volunteer firefighter recruitment and retention formative research results. Retrieved from http://www.nvfc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/NVFC_Formative-Research_2015_Report_v1f.pdf
National Volunteer Fire Council & Cash, J. (2015, March). Recruitment and retention [Presentation slides].
Richards, K. (2014, August 13). How to recruit and retain volunteer firefighters. Retrieved from FireRescue1 web site: http://www.firerescue1.com/fire-chief/articles/1963358-How-to-recruit-and-retain-volunteer-firefighters